Chapter 12: An Age of Reform , GML questions

                                                Abolitionist movements video
1.Explore why Americans had an impulse to improve American society in the first half of the nineteenth century.
     - They wanted to improve American society  because they were influenced by the Second Great Awakening where everyone wanted to be free of sin. They wanted to cleanse the society of all badness so several people started petitioning liquor. With that other people started petitioning for their rights, for example women and slaves.

2. Explain the significance of the abolitionist movement to the idea of American freedom.
   - The abolitionist movements was the movement to free the slaves and give them rights. This connects to American freedom because when America got their freedom from Britain and the slaves fought to also get their freedom, the slaves were manipulated for freedom and kept slaves. American freedom and the abolitionist movements together relate because abolitionists wanted to free and receive American freedom, have rights like other white individuals, they also wanted to have rights for self-improvement and to be able to have the opportunity to rise from the lower class.

3.Analyze the pros and cons of the colonization movement and why many blacks were opposed to it.
  - Many blacks were opposed to the colonization movement because they wanted to sent back all African Americans back to Africa and the slaves didn't want that because they were already use to living in the United States and were use to looking how white people get their freedom and how they can buy what they desire.
They also wanted to sent back slaves to their country because of racial issues and the belief that black people are never going to be like the white people.

4.Why was this a period of institution building?
   - This was the institution movement because it was the time when the United Sates wanted to purify society into a better place, so thats why many people were petitioning and fighting for their rights. They wanted an America were everyone belong in some kind of group with out being discriminated.

5.How did the abolitionist movement and the women's movement influence each other?
  -The abolitionist movement ans the womens movement influenced each other because abolitionist  was fighting for slavery freedom and rights and so did women. Abolitionists were fighting to be part or consider to be in the society and so were women.

Chapter11: The Pecular Institution , GML questions

                                                           
1. Given that by 1860 the economic investment represented by slave population exceeded the value of the nations factories, railroads, and banks combined, explain how important slavery was to the national economy and the emergence of the United States as a great power.

 -Slavery was essential to the national economy of the United States because slaves worked on the cotton fields, which was the greatest fields that receive money. Without  slaves, Americans would have not  much cotton, without cotton no mills would be open and people in the north wont have the chance to buy and export clothes to other countries. Slaves made the clothing possible because their was several slave families working in the fields and with no workers their is no product. Cotton was a big part of the economical investment in the U.S. because they would sell it everywhere and that was how the south made most of their money which funded transportation services that help get cotton to Europe( big buyers).   Most slaves lived in fields because that was were the difficult intensive labor (that nobody wanted to do) was.

2.Describe slave culture , explaining the similarities and differences among various regions.

- At first slave language was difficult because several slaves had came from different part of Africa but then as they started to produce more slaves they created and mix languages. Slaves mixed African beliefs with Christianity because when the Second Great Awakening occur, slaves were told that color, sex, and age do not matter because Go will protect you no matter what. Some white owners will take their slaves to church because the main church guy would tell slaves to no run away and that its "wonderful" to have white owners that have slaves. Similarity, with whites slaves inherited some of the cult of domesticity because the men would do the more difficult job and the women the "easier" even though they had to work. Slave men could not defend their women from white attacks or bring money to the house so it was similar in a different way. In some slave farms slaves would gather up to make shouts and dancing usually with a banjo.

3.Why did many white southerners support slavery even when the dis not actually own any slaves?

    -Several white southerns that did not own slaves supported slavery because they grew up the belief that slaves are worth nothing because they are colored and that white are superior. Mostly because of racism white did not like slaves they saw they as "dirty aliens" (not even human) that were only good for working and they often felt disgusted by them just because of their color. They would call them names, and just because most of the society had slaves, that also meant that most of the society only wanted workers and they didn't like slaves so they grew up in a period of hatred and racism.

4. What meanings of freedom were most important to the slaves?
   - The most important meanings of freedom were the slaves did not want someone( a white person) to be controlling their every move, be obligated to work, religion ...mostly they wanted their own will to do what they desire and be part of the U.S. society that has diverse races.

5. What forms of slave resistance were practiced in the American South?
    - The Amistad was a movement in 1839 when 53 slaves decided to take over a slave ship and made the captain go to Africa. Small resistance was killing a white family for hatred of sexual abuse, poisoning food, and not listening to their master. Nat Turner's rebellion was a form of resistance were Turner led a uprising were him and about other 80 slaves would go of killing whites. Free blacks would write narratives about their lives and even books or stories in newspapers that represented a knowledgeable resistance outreaching to everyone in society who read the newspaper.

Chapter10: Democracy in America, GML questions

1. How did Quincy Adams envision the United States becoming the "freest and mightiest nation in the world"?

-John Quincy Adams was a cold man and was also very strict. He envision the U.S.  as the freest with a strong federal government and high tariffs. He was very strict so he wanted the laws and the Constitution to be strict with the rules.

2. How did Democrats and Whigs differ in their understanding of American freedom and its relationship to governmental power?

-The Whigs and the Democrats differ because the Democrats wanted to focus in social problems while the whigs wanted to focus in raising the economy. The Democrats believed that the government need to focus more on their citizens like some of the working class and enhance their wealth rather then be obsessed with money. The Whigs wanted for the economy to increase and believed that a national bank and tariffs help.

3. What were the main characteristics of the "American System"?

    - The main characteristics were that  a new national bank should be established, a tariff for protecting importing manufactured goods should be passed, and they should improve roads and canals. However, establishing a new national bank became a problem because they printed too much paper money that it was loosing its value creating the Panic of 1819 where many people went bankrupted and unemployed because they couldn't pay back the banks. These American system was to make the united states less dependent from Europe.

4.  What were the main arguments for and against Indian removal?

   - The main arguments for the Indian removal was that  the government force the Indian population to leave to the West, so the Cherokee's went to court but they lost. The problem was that Jefferson believed that they could be civilized people so they had established schools, became farmers, and adopted many American ways until they when they wen to court they kicked them out in which resulted in the trail of tears where several Indians die while going to Oklahoma.

5. How did the Missouri Compromise and the nullification crisis demonstrate increasing sectional differences in antebellum America?

-The Missouri Compromise was when Henry Clay made a constitution for Missouri which protected slavery but the North did not agree so they split Missouri into two parts one enslaved and the free. The nullification crisis economically decreased many people because the tariffs were too high. The two of the events created tenses between the north and south and defined that the countries were not agreeing with the laws passed and showed how the north and south were splitting up.

Chapter 9: The Market Revolution from Give Me Liberty, Questions

1.What were the major social effects of the market revolution?

        The major events social effects in the market revolution were the need of workers so the U.S reactivated the slave trade for a while and more slaves worked at the new constructed markets. Native Americans were kicked out because the US thought that they were an obstacle for American "freedom." Women demanded for more rights but society saw women as house wives and men as workers. After the discoveries of the cotton gin and the steam boat, trading became more essential and easy for the US. Some people feared that market Revolution was decreasing American  freedom ans they looked towards the west for a new start. The north consisted of factories and the south as farming lands. Discrimination grew in the US because of the new  immigrants that arrived to the US, the blacks were always discriminated and not accepted in society. Citizens feared that these people are going to steal their jobs. Ideas such as being independence grew and people began to strike for less working hours and higher wages, people got use to living with a clock.

2.How did the ideas of American freedom change in this period?

       American freedom change in a way that people got use to the idea of working and thought that they had no freedom. Mostly white rich men were the owners of factories and were always on top. The market revolution encouraged Women, Immigrants, and African Americans to speak for their minds. People now wanted to be rich and the idea of working hard to be successful grew, even though the living in a nature place vanished. People became obsessed with being too wealthy and challenge others to be more rich then themselves. In Society being independent meant freedom and economic success was all. Everything was being at being the best and who had the most money.

3.What revolutionary changes did American Slavery undergo in this period?
     Slaves during this time were worked to death and had no rights. With the increase of work or cotton farms, several slaves and their families will work from sun up to sun down. Slaves were always separated from whites and also hated by whites. People usually didn't employed some free blacks because if white buyers would come to the store they wouldn't want to be helped by a black person. Slaves had no voting rights and were looked  down upon in society. However, a few slaves were successful: but most were enslaved. A few towns became to be establish by free slaves because whites hated blacks, so they had a line between them. At the end slavery was still a question, although some free blacks started supports groups and some whites supported them.

4.What role did Immigration play in the market revolution?

        Immigration began when certain people like the Irish were force to move to the US for jobs.  The Irish came because their potato crop died and created thousand of people starving to death. The Irish were not skilled and filled the lower jobs that no one wanted to work; they were thankful to work and eat. The Germans were skilled individuals and got jobs as craftsmen, shoe keepers and  farmers. The German culture created schools and churches. Americans hated them because they told them that they are taking their jobs away, and for all the crimes happening in America. Some immigrants worked in the congress and people thought was unfair, Americans would stereotype them as lazy and other dirty words like they would to slaves.

5.  The Second Great Awakening both took advantage of the market revolution and criticized its excesses.Explain.
            The Second Great Awakening took advantage of the market revolution because when the idea of individualism spread, the religious people when seeking for people that wanted to be independent , they manipulated them by saying that being independent also meant being religious. Several people began to go to church more often because they wanted to seek for help (God) and because they wanted for their sins to be pardoned. Since public schools were being funded by the government, the religious people demanded for religious education.
   

Concepts:Beginnings of Modern American Democracy,Princeton Review Ch.10

        As we know the founding fathers had established a Constitution that "protects" U.S. freedom. With the new rules and political views, congress was made to divide political jobs such as Presidents (use yo be voted only by electoral votes,mostly white men). As elections continued, by 1824 fewer people were voting. John Quincy Adams was running against Andrew Jackson in which he received the greatest and electoral votes. None of the candidates received a majority of votes so it was up to the House of Representatives to decide who is president. The congressional caucuses had chosen the candidates and some individuals felt that it was unfair to have a group in congress choose candidates, they should demise of the caucus system. Adams ended up winning at the House of Representatives because Henry Clay( speaker of the House and candidate) spoke for his favor. Clay became the secretary of State and was often called a "corrupt bargain" because secretary of state usually lead to presidency. Compare to Adams, Jackson had more supporters that believed in states rights (federal government) rather than improving the central government as Adams plan was. He was rejected from creating new tariffs, federal schools and highways. Later on as Jackson became President after Adams one term, through out his campaign the Coffin Handbill was public. Theses pamphlets attacked Jacksons wife, but his campaign( democratic party) won. As Jackson entered his presidential job, he terminated several government officials exchanging then with his political supporters. This replacement is called the "spoil system". Jackson became really known and was often called the period of Jacksonian democracy interchanging Jeffersonian democracy period of time for a political philosophy. Through out Jackson presidency nullification became a huge problem to the United States because it meant that a State has the right to reject a federal "unconstitutional" law. The judicial review was only to be held by the supreme court to recognize if a law was unconstitutional.  Jackson spend most of his presidency lowering the federal government and empowering the office of presidency; he neglected the reforms movements that called to support against social and economic problems. The Second Bank of the United States had gone wrong with the economical problems for funding federal funds to the state and he did not support it by arguing that it was unconstitutional. Jackson lowered the economy with the specie circular by paying th government with gold and silver.

Policies, Agreements, Court Rulings. Etc.. : Chapter 8

Throughout the road to Independence of the America's the Albany Plan of Union mentioned by Benjamin Franklin (to bring colonies together and create a system for collecting taxes) failed because colonies did not want to be united under a single colonial legislature. However, the Sugar Act and Currency Act of 1764 passed by Great Britain were made to pay the British 7 years war (British left in debt because of the war) and consisted to tax all molasses(sugar) and forbid the colonies to use paper money. Later on, another act was passed the Stamp Act in which was a law that every published document has to have a stamp. The Stamp Act affected all social classes. In contrast, the stamp act was token out because too many riots and boycotts (rebellions) were happening at the Americas and instead for the Stamp act helping the British it made it more difficult for George 3. The Declaratory Act replaced the Stamp Act by stating that Parliament can passed any act with in the colonies, basically just informing the colonies who has the power. Afterward the Townsend Act (Charles Townsend) was passed that taxed all British imports and let the British search anywhere desire for smuggled goods. The Colonies had enough and Massachusetts decided to send a letter (Massachusetts Circular Letter)  to colonies informing to begin boycotts the Townsend acts. When the rebellious Bostonians dumped the tea in form of a resistance; the British wanted their money ( from outcome of the Boston tea party) and passed the Intolerable (Coercive) Act closing down all ports causing for the America's not obtain any trading goods until the tea was pay for. Afterward, the Declaration of Independence a document sent to Great Britain declaring freedom from them  which lead to war  and in war a Franco-American Alliance was form uniting France and the colonist in one side against Britain by Benjamin Franklin. Finally the Treaty Of Paris 1783 after the war concluded the independence of the America's creating the United States.

People: Chapter 8

The Sons of Liberty were rebellious activist against the British in which the Continental Congress did not mind. Meaning that the congress was made of representative from the colonies where they shared their ideas of freedom. During the 1770s George 3 was the king of  Great Britain and control of the colonies. The Second Continental Congress meeting decided to create a Continental Army against Britain in which George Washington was chosen to lead. A rebellious pamphlet  from Thomas Paine "Common Sense" made the colonies rethink  of Great Britain's empowerment. Soon afterward, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence stating the liberty of the America's.